Endometriosis is a disease where sections of endometrial tissue (usually only found in the uterine lining, or endometrium) grow outside of this area. Usually, the uterine lining, abdominal cavity, or the outer surface of the abdominal organs are the places this tissue can exist. Sometimes however, misplaced endometrial tissue can affix itself to the ovaries and ligaments of the uterus. It has also been reported to occur on the surface of the intestines, ureters, bladder and vagina.

Endometrial tissue, no matter where it is, acts as uterine tissue would, meaning it responds to the same female hormones that fluctuate over the course of a menstrual cycle. Symptoms from endometriosis then can include bleeding, cramps, pain, and sometimes the formation of scar tissue. As the disease progresses, this scar tissue can form tough, fibrous bands that can block the function of the ovaries and uterus. Intestinal blockage is not an uncommon event when endometriosis is severe.

Endometriosis often runs in families and is more common in daughters of affected mothers. Endometriosis, whether mild or severe, can affect one in five women over the course of their reproductive cycle.

Doctors have to suspect the diagnosis, and usually find endometriosis in their workup of unexplained infertility. When a pain history suggests the diagnosis, doctors use a laparoscope inserted through a small hole in the lower abdomen to directly view the female organs and look directly for endometrial tissue. Small biopsies can be taken that confirm the diagnosis. CT and MRI scans looking for other abdominal pathology sometimes reveal the presence of endometriosis.

Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms, plans for pregnancy, and the extent and progression of the disease. Medication can be given to suppress ovarian activity and slow the growth of endometrial tissue. Surgery may be able to remove displaced tissue, and in very severe cases hysterectomy and removal of the tubes and ovaries may be a last resort.

The information contained on this page is not intended to provide medical advice, which should be obtained directly from your physician.